intersectional additivity or additive assumptions, versus additive scale and cross-product interaction terms) to avoid misinterpretation of findings, and to ensure appropriate application of statistical interaction to enable the description of outcome measures for groups of individuals at each cross-stratified intersection [46]. In future research, more emphasis should be placed on analysing students perceived satisfaction and performance with online education in the context of differences between fields of study, particularly in relation to the nature of education (theoretical vs. practical) and the competencies that are supposed to be developed during education. ProQuest offers Academic Libraries a number of carefully curated subscriptions that simplify acquisition by mapping highly selective and unique content to curriculum and graduation rate trending. In many schools, master's thesis defenses are restricted to the examinee and the examiners, but doctoral defenses are open to the public. Such services typically provide access to full text and full-text search, but also metadata about items for which no full text is available.. Key Points. [48] ASEO has been adopted by several organizations, among them Elsevier,[49] OpenScience,[50] Mendeley,[51] and SAGE Publishing,[52] to optimize their articles' rankings in Google Scholar. No, Is the Subject Area "Computer software" applicable to this article? As concerns online instruction, we found that it is one of the three major determinant of e-learning quality and, therefore, for students perceived satisfaction and performance. Such services typically provide access to full text and full-text search, but also metadata about items for which no full text is available.. Yes Investigation, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Affiliation Trajectories of advantage and disadvantage were stable across ECLS-K waves, so that none of the classes identified changed in individual and contextual characteristics across time. Following submission of the thesis, copies are sent by mail to examiners and then reports sent back to the institution. Table A: Class characteristics. The contrasting outcomes between racial/ethnic and gender minorities in self-assessment and socioemotional outcomes, as compared to standardized assessments, highlight the detrimental effect that intersecting racial/ethnic and gender discrimination have in patterning academic outcomes that predict success in adult life. Investigation, At universities in the United Kingdom, the term thesis is usually associated with PhD/EngD (doctoral) and research master's degrees, while dissertation is the more common term for a substantial project submitted as part of a taught master's degree or an undergraduate degree (e.g. The shutdown of schools in response to the rapid spread of COVID-19 poses risks to the education of young children, including a widening education gap. For the first-order constructs, AVE ranged from .55 (for Online Interactions) to .80 (for Mode of Delivery). Oliva Meja-Rodrguez, At graduate level however, i.e. Participation in the study reached global proportions by exceeding the milestone of 30,000 responses submitted by students from more than 130 countries on all six continents. The terms thesis and dissertation are commonly used interchangeably in everyday language yet it is generally understood that a thesis refers to bachelor/undergraduate and master academic work while a dissertation is named for doctorate work. It is therefore imperative that studies consider these multiple dimensions of socioeconomic status so that critical social gradients across the entire socioeconomic spectrum are not missed [27], and racial/ethnic inequalities within levels of socioeconomic status are adequately documented. Writing review & editing, Affiliation [citation needed]. Faculty of Educational Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa, Roles Taking all five dimensions of e-learning quality into consideration, the second hypothesis (H2) is also confirmed because this factor (e-learning quality) has a very strong positive effect on perceived student satisfaction. From 2011 on, these courses were replaced by academic Master's programmes that include specific training on epistemology, and scientific methodology. Whereas Black boys achieved lower scores than White boys across all classes on the math, reading and science assessments, this was not the case for Latino boys, who only underperformed White boys on the science assessment within the most privileged class (Class 3: Individually and Contextually Wealthy). Using data from the US Early Childhood Longitudinal StudyKindergarten (ECLS-K; N = 10,115), we Project administration, Malaysian universities often follow the British model for dissertations and degrees. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and Children live within multiple contexts, with risk factors at the family, school, and neighborhood level contributing to their development and wellbeing. "[33], Google Scholar does not publish a list of journals crawled or publishers included, and the frequency of its updates is uncertain. The proposed models structural part includes three constructs: E-learning Quality, Perceived Student Satisfaction and Perceived Student Performance. Black males as violent prone and aggressive, Asian females as submissive) [5257]. [55] were able to prove that system, service and information quality related to e-learning have significant positive effects on system usage, that thereby predicts a users satisfaction and has a positive impact on their performance. In our model, Service Quality refers to the aspect of administrative, technical and learning assistance. Yes The rapid transition to online study meant students were relocated to a home environment where many did not enjoy suitable conditions to study, both a quiet place and digital equipment with access to (high-performance) Internet, which is indispensable for effective online study. In the realm of quantitative approaches to the study of inequality, studies often examine separate social identities independently to assess which of these axes of stratification is most prominent, and for the most part do not consider claims that the varied dimensions of social stratification are often juxtaposed [56, 61]. Thesis is also used to describe a cumulative project for a bachelor's degree and is more common at selective colleges and universities, or for those seeking admittance to graduate school or to obtain an honors academic designation. Socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities in academic achievement have been widely reported in the US, but how these three axes of inequality intersect to determine academic and non-academic outcomes among school-aged children is not well understood. Unlike a dissertation or master's thesis, they are not as long and they do not require a novel contribution to knowledge or even a very narrow focus on a set subtopic. Funding: This work was funded by an ESRC grant (ES/K001582/1) and a Hallsworth Research Fellowship to LB. At most universities, dissertation is the term for the required submission for the doctorate, and thesis refers only to the master's degree requirement. Nina Tomaevi, For example, Black girls in all four classes score lower on science scores than White boys, but only Latina girls in the most advantaged class score lower than White boys. [34], who documented a positive relationship between instructor attitude to e-learning and user satisfaction. Overall, the models displayed an acceptable fit for all countries (CFI and TLI greater or equal to .850) and for most countries RMSEA and SRMR less or equal than .05 and .06, respectively). According to Chopra et al. ", "Academic SEO Market (And Publish) or Perish", The Benefits and Pitfalls of Google Scholar, Citation Indexing and Indexes. Most of this work was conducted while LB was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. [29][30] The reviews recognize that its "cited by" feature in particular poses serious competition to Scopus and Web of Science. Practices and definitions vary between fields but commonly include the C thesis/Bachelor thesis, which corresponds to 15 HP or 10 weeks of independent studies, D thesis/'/Magister/one year master's thesis, which corresponds to 15 HP or 10 weeks of independent studies and E Thesis/two-year master's thesis, which corresponds to 30 HP or 20 weeks of independent studies. The thesis committee (or dissertation committee) is a committee that supervises a student's dissertation. Citation: Bcares L, Priest N (2015) Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from an Intersectionality Approach. This allows us to infer that administrative, technical and learning assistance through tutors and the library is very important for students greater satisfaction and, in consequence, students higher perceived satisfaction and performance. Data Availability: All ECLS-K Kindergarten-Eighth Grade Public-use File are available from the National Center for Education Statistics website (https://nces.ed.gov/ecls/dataproducts.asp#K-8). Watch video to learn more. It is clear that the countries are on different levels of economic development and have differently organized and developed higher education systems. According to the study results, the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemics first wave was mainly derived from service quality with administrative, technical and learning assistance through tutors and the library, teachers active role in the process of online education with their responsiveness and timely feedback, and overall system quality with the mode of delivery and IT infrastructure. Academic dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, mainly tertiary (and sometimes secondary) education, worn mainly by those who have obtained a university degree (or similar), or hold a status that entitles them to assume them (e.g., undergraduate students at certain old universities). Honours and Master's theses sometimes require an oral defense before they are accepted. Future research could attempt to cluster countries by their economic development level given that e-learning quality and students perceived satisfaction and performance with online education depend on IT technology development and IT tools access and affordability [83]. An additional oral exam may take place after the dissertation is completed and is known as a thesis defense or dissertation defense, which at some universities may be a mere formality and at others may result in the student being required to make significant revisions. As a rule of thumb, each field should be represented by fewer than ten positions, chosen by their impact factors and other ratings. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin dissertti, meaning "discussion". This leads to three hypotheses being proposed: Therefore, we propose the conceptual model presented in Fig 1. and construct description in Table 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258807.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258807.t001. Engineering and Designing qualifications such as BTech, B.E., B.Des, MTech, M.E. Therefore, the latent variable Home Infrastructure covers the ICT conditions at home, i.e. An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They declared that e-learning could not replace regular learning experiences; only 18.9% of students were interested in e-learning exclusively in the long run. The first hypothesis (H1) about the influence of the students computer skills on e-learning quality and The first hypothesis (H1), referring to the intercorrelation between students computer skills with the quality and variety of the IT infrastructure at home, were confirmed. here. SciVal is an integral part of the Elsevier Research Intelligence ecosystem, a carefully developed portfolio of solutions, enabling technologies and connected data that bring clarity and focus to research planning, performance and processes. Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Universidad Autnoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico, Roles Thesis for so called Higher-Professional School (Vy odborn kola, VO) is called absolventsk prce. Visualization, In order to identify relevant variables positively affecting students performance, we use data from the multi-country research study Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students, coordinated by the Faculty of Public Administration, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia [8]. Namely, recent analyses suggest that students have been receiving higher grades during the pandemic compared to the on-site education before the pandemic, which may increase their satisfaction with the e-education [82]. Elsevier journals have been included since mid-2007, when Elsevier began to make most of its ScienceDirect content available to Google Scholar and Google's web search. Google Scholar. Moreover, in Fig 2, we show the path coefficients calculated for each hypothesis. As a new university, our research is still relatively small compared to older universities, so we have to make sure every publication counts. Users can search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax, and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. Not all countries were in the same pandemic phase or lockdown period, which might impact the student responses. [17] Via the "metrics" button, it reveals the top journals in a field of interest, and the articles generating these journal's impact can also be accessed. The study results show that the impact of computer skills is less influential for e-learning quality compared to other factors like system quality, which is the most determinative factor. [16][17]. (Master of Philosophy) instead, preventing the candidate from resubmitting the thesis. Understanding how different academic and non-academic outcomes are differently patterned by race/ethnicity, socio-economic status, and gender, including within and between group differences, is an important research area that may assist in understanding the potential causal pathways and explanations for observed inequalities, and in identifying key population groups and points at which interventions should be targeted to address inequalities in particular outcomes [28, 46]. In this research, we combine the theoretical results of previous studies on e-learning with the emergency changeover to various online modes of delivery in response to the pandemic lockdown. Students who pass the qualifying examination are deemed capable of completing scholarly work independently and are allowed to proceed with working on a dissertation. [37], timely feedback and responses to students actions are key to effective online delivery. Methodology, Google Scholar automatically calculates and displays the individual's total citation count, h-index, and i10-index. Validation, The submission for the Habilitation is called praca habilitacyjna or dysertacja habilitacyjna. These scales, adopted from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, asked children to indicate the degree to which they agreed with 13 statements (seven items in the Self-Concept scale, and six items in the Locus of Control Scale) about themselves, including I feel good about myself, I dont have enough control over the direction my life is taking, and At times I think I am no good at all. Responses ranged from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Some items were reversed coded so that higher scores indicate more positive self-concept and a greater perception of control over ones own life. A typical viva lasts for approximately 3 hours, though there is no formal time limit. Measures included whether the child lived in a single-parent household at kindergarten, first, third, fifth and eighth grades; whether the household was below the poverty threshold level at kindergarten, fifth and eighth grades; food insecurity at kindergarten, first, second and third grades; and parental expectations of the childs academic achievement (categorized as up to high school and more than high school) at kindergarten, first, third, fifth and eighth grades. To use a wide variety of learning strategies [, To use tools that allow students to collaboratively build knowledge, discuss, co-construct and interact with the content [, To incorporate social media in e-learning so as to provide an adequate and more engaging learning space [, To use flexible and scaffolded online resources so as to acquire new technical skills that may be useful for future working opportunities [, To provide adequate technological infrastructure and equipment for e-learning [. The construct is explained by Information Quality and two other aspects assessed in our questionnaire, namely preparing regular assignments and being open to students suggestions [34, 41, 61]. Affiliation Dejan Ravelj, Did Google Manipulate Search for Hillary? No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141363, https://nces.ed.gov/ecls/dataproducts.asp#K-8, www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote15.pdf. System use and user satisfaction were shown to exert the greatest positive impact on individuals performance through e-learning. With the assumption of missing completely at random, meaning the complete cases are a random sample of the originally identified set of cases, a complete-case approach is the most common method for handling missing data in many research fields, including educational and epidemiologic research [66, 67]. Bertil Pires Marques, On the other side, among Romanian students the impact of computer skills on e-learning quality is the lowest, which may be explained by the structure of the Romanian sample, comprising more Social Sciences students who prefer face-to-face interactions over the use of different platforms for online teaching, which has increased the workload compared to the previous situation. Previous studies reveal that IT service support has a positive influence on users perceptions of their satisfaction with the system. An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Methodology, In North America, the thesis defense or oral defense is the final examination for doctoral candidates, and sometimes for master's candidates. Department of Psychiatry, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India, Affiliation We assessed the reliability of the first-order and second-order factors with McDonalds omega () and L2, respectively, and convergent validity with Average Variance Extracted (AVE) using the semTools package (v.0.5.3, [73]). John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary, Affiliation Writing review & editing, Affiliation It is unlikely that one can perform well without use of the system. This project is mostly given as a prerequisite writing course to the actual thesis and is accomplished in the term period before; supervision is provided by one professor assigned to a class. A bachelor's thesis is often 4060 pages long, a diploma thesis and a master's thesis usually 60100. Branch campuses of British, Australian and Middle East universities in Malaysia use the respective models of the home campuses. Outside the academic community, the terms thesis and dissertation are interchangeable. Substantial evidence documents that indicators of socioeconomic status, such as free or reduced-price school lunch, are highly predictive of academic outcomes [2, 3]. Writing original draft, PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Most of the norms and rules of writing a thesis or a dissertation are influenced by the French higher education system. EBSCO believes in breaking down barriers to information through Enhanced Subject Precision (ESP) mapping, bridging the gap between content and end users through inclusion of naturallanguages. Notwithstanding the importance of documenting patterns of inequality in relation to a particular social identity (e.g. Tutoring system in higher education is an established model of support, advice, and guidance for students in higher education with a purpose to improve motivation and success and prevent drop-out. Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, Affiliation The benefits of implementing Open Access are reaped by many end users, such as, students, researchers, clinicians, patients, policy makers, and journalists. View now The first examiner is from the university concerned, the second examiner is from another local university and the third examiner is from a suitable foreign university (usually from Commonwealth countries). They are not listed here. This work was funded by an ESRC grant (ES/K001582/1) and a Hallsworth Research Fellowship to LB. These findings suggest that, should socioeconomic inequalities be addressed, and levels of advantage were similar across racial/ethnic and gender groups, systems of oppression that pattern the racialization and socialization of children into racial/ethnic and gender roles in society would still ensure that inequalities in academic outcomes existed across racial/ethnic and gender categories. Society Members. Yes [43] The practicality of manipulating h-index calculators by spoofing Google Scholar was demonstrated in 2010 by Cyril Labbe from Joseph Fourier University, who managed to rank "Ike Antkare" ahead of Albert Einstein by means of a large set of SCIgen-produced documents citing each other (effectively an academic link farm). Black boys also report higher self-concept and lower internalizing behavior than White boys, findings that mirror research on self-esteem among Black adolescents [74, 75]. In general, the largest inequalities in academic outcomes across racial/ethnic and gender groups appeared in the most privileged classes. The goal of this research was to analyse which factors influenced students perceived academic performance after switching their academic activities over to the online mode, as imposed by the lockdown in response to COVID-19 in 2020. Citation: Keri D, Alex JK, Pamela Balbontn Alvarado R, Bezerra DdS, Cheraghi M, Dobrowolska B, et al. A thesis can also be rejected with a Latin remark (non-rite, non-sufficit or worst as sub omni canone). The minimum page length is generally (and not formally) 100 pages (or about 400,000 characters), but is usually several times longer (except for technical theses and for "exact sciences" such as physics and maths). However, strict standards are not always required. The construct Perceived Student Satisfaction is manifested by students satisfaction with the organization of e-learning (i.e. Findings In this cohort study of 22 834 adults, inpatient hypertension treatment, both oral and intravenous, was associated with higher rates of subsequent acute Such intersectional approaches challenge practices that isolate and prioritize a single social position, and emphasize the potential of varied inter-relationships of social identities and interacting social processes in the production of inequities [4951]. Investigation, Hence, greater autonomy is required from students, along with self-regulation and skills to learn online for effective learning [45]. Increasingly, high schools are requiring students to complete a senior project or senior thesis on a chosen topic during the final year as a prerequisite for graduation. Models measuring the success of the information system (also the e-learning system) are usually based on the D&M model, where user satisfaction and quality dimension play an important role [34, 41, 57, 61]. Joo Marco, Given that the BIC criterion tends to favor models with fewer latent classes [67], the Lo, Mendell, and Rubin likelihood ratio test (LMR-LRT) statistic [68] was also considered. Sujita Kumar Kar, The extended essay component of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, offered in a growing number of American high schools, is another example of this trend. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shaped higher education and seen the distinct rise of e-learning as a compulsory element of the modern educational landscape. Involved in the viva are two examiners and the candidate. At universities in Slovenia, an academic thesis called diploma thesis is a prerequisite for completing undergraduate studies. Individual risk factors seldom operate in isolation [83], and they are often strongly associated both within and across levels [84]. Dissertations normally report on a research project or study, or an extended analysis of a topic. [35] However, a 2014 study[4] estimates that Google Scholar can find almost 90% (approximately 100 million) of all scholarly documents on the Web written in English. Yes Part II: Studying research trends and discovering the Google Scholar Effect", "Google Scholar's Ghost Authors, Lost Authors, and Other Problems", On the Robustness of Google Scholar against Spam. Socioeconomic status adds a third important dimension to these processes, with individuals of the same race/ethnicity and gender having access to vastly different resources and opportunities across levels of socioeconomic status. The SDQ Perceived Interest/Competence in Math, including four items on mathematics grades and the childs interest in and enjoyment of mathematics. Table B: Associations between race/ethnicity and gender groups and assigned class membership (membership to Classes 1, 2 or 4 as compared to Class 3: Individually and Contextually Wealthy). This study used the manual 3-step approach in mixture modeling with auxiliary variables [64, 65] to independently evaluate the relationship between the predictor auxiliary variables (the combined race/ethnicity and gender groups), the latent class variable of advantage/disadvantage, and the outcome (non-cognitive skills, socioemotional development, cognitive assessments). It is also important that differences in school outcomes are considered across levels of socioeconomic status within and between racial/ethnic groups, so that the influence of specific socioeconomic factors on outcomes within specific racial/ethnic groups can be studied [28]. Interventions to eliminate achievement gaps cannot fully succeed as long as social stratification caused by gender and racial discrimination is not addressed. PLoS ONE 16(10): This pattern of differential returns of affluence has been shown in other studies, which report that White teenagers benefit more from the presence of affluent neighbors than do Black teenagers [71]. The defense of the research work is done publicly. Lan Umek, Detailed information on the sample, i.e. However, the oral defense is held in once per semester (usually in the middle or by the end) with a presentation of revisions (so-called "plenary presentation") at the end of each semester. Examinations for PhD and Habilitation degrees are public. The following is a partial list of scientific journals. Many large scientific publishing houses (e.g. Here, we document that the taxonomic classification Yes Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, The second-stage units were schools within sampled PSUs. individual, household, neighborhood), and influence outcomes through different causal pathways [27]. The examination board often consists of 3 to 5 examiners, often professors in a university (with a Masters or PhD degree) depending on the university's examination rules. Gender discriminationanother system of oppressionis apparent in this study in relation to academic subjects socially considered as typically male or female orientated. Based on interviews with teachers and students from Jordan, Almaiah et al. This difference, not explained by intrinsic or socioeconomic differences, can be contextualized as a consequence of experienced intersecting racial and gender discrimination. In other words, racism and sexism have a direct effect on academic and non-academic outcomes among 8th graders, independent of the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on these outcomes. Florin Lazr, The data for this study come from a very comprehensive and large-scale global student survey entitled Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students, aimed at examining how students perceive the impacts of the pandemics first wave in early 2020 on various aspects of their lives on a global level [8]. [11], In the Latin American docta, the academic dissertation can be referred to as different stages inside the academic program that the student is seeking to achieve into a recognized Argentine University, in all the cases the students must develop original contribution in the chosen fields by means of several paper work and essays that comprehend the body of the thesis. Silvana Guadalupe Navarro Jimnez, A study looking at the biomedical field found citation information in Google Scholar to be "sometimes inadequate, and less often updated". The routing tests and the second-stage tests were timed for 80 minutes [62]. In Portugal, a thesis is examined with an oral defense, which includes an initial presentation by the candidate followed by an extensive questioning/answering period. Due to this studys specific focus on academic online work and life, it only includes student data with respect to selected parts of the questionnaire. R3: How does the students satisfaction with the transition to e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic relate to their academic performance? R2: Are there any differences between factors influencing quality of the e-learning regarding countries, gender, and fields of study? Based on the literature [1, 34, 37] the construct connects three aspects of quality: learner, teacher and system. Failure to submit the thesis by the deadline may result in graduation (and granting of the degree) being delayed. The result of the examination may be given immediately following deliberation by the examination committee (in which case the candidate may immediately be considered to have received their degree), or at a later date, in which case the examiners may prepare a defense report that is forwarded to a Board or Committee of Postgraduate Studies, which then officially recommends the candidate for the degree. Roxana Pamela Balbontn Alvarado, NOTE: EBSCOhostdatabases andEBSCO Discovery Servicegenerate a lot more referrals for DOAJ than any other online platform. These valuable publications cover topics such as accounting, banking, finance, international business, marketing, sales and more. [57]), we propose a model for explaining students perceived academic performance. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses.The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature".Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many For an Honours year, which is a fourth year in addition to the usual three-year bachelor's degree, the thesis is also examined by two examiners, though both are usually from the candidate's own department. Intersecting identities of race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic characteristics are compared to the reference group of White boys in the most advantaged socioeconomic category, as these are the three identities (male, White, socioeconomically privileged) that experience the least marginalization when compared to racial/ethnic and gender minority groups in disadvantaged socioeconomic positions. Both teachers and students today find themselves in a new environment, where some seem better at adapting than others. Sun et al. Google Scholar. In a similar study, Hassanzadeh et al. Rizun and Strzelecki [53] employed an extension of the TAM, which suggests that acceptance of e-learning is related to enjoyment and self-efficacy. Operative Neurosurgery Speaks! They were at least 18 years old, with a median age of 23 years (IQR [21.0, 24.0]), and about two-thirds of them (67%) being female. Theses Canada acquires and preserves a comprehensive collection of Canadian theses at Library and Archives Canada' (LAC) through a partnership with Canadian universities who participate in the program.[15]. Writing original draft, For example, while students of poorer socioeconomic status have lower educational aspirations than more advantaged students [13], racial/ethnic minority students report higher educational aspirations than White students, particularly after accounting for socioeconomic characteristics [1416]. Accordingly, this study highlights the factors which have influenced how students perceive their academic performance during this emergency changeover to e-learning. This project was originally promoted by the Faculty of Public Administration, University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), which, thanks to the support of international partners, was able to be disseminated worldwide. Their research identifies several quality factors that facilitate e-learning through factors associated with: learners (mental health, self-efficacy and attitude of the learner), teachers/instructors (attitude and response timelines assigned by the teacher), technology (quality of technology and the Internet), curriculum (quality and flexibility of the curriculum), design (usefulness and complexity of the design) and environment (interactiveness and assessment diversity). They may or may not be defended before a committee but usually are not; there is generally no preceding examination before the writing of the paper, except for at very few colleges. On the other hand, even though the quality and diversity of the home infrastructure revealed some impact on the system quality, it is a less determinative factor. A thesis (PL: theses), or dissertation[note 1] (abbreviated diss. Unfortunately, obtaining an accurate number is constrained by the fact that most species remain to be described and because indirect attempts to answer this question have been highly controversial. To complete a master's degree in research, a student is required to write a mmoire, the French equivalent of a master's thesis in other higher education systems. Interventions to eliminate achievement gaps cannot fully succeed as long as social stratification caused by gender and racial discrimination is not addressed [87, 88]. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the CovidSocLab project (http://www.covidsoclab.org/) as a working platform for collaboration. Generally speaking, a dissertation is judged as to whether it makes an original and unique contribution to scholarship. A written report and a public thesis defense is mandatory, in the presence of a board of senior researchers, consisting of members from an outside organization or a university. race/ethnicity, gender, class), there is increasing acknowledgement within both theoretical and empirical research of the need to move beyond analyzing single categories to consider simultaneous interactions between different aspects of social identity, and the impact of systems and processes of oppression and domination (e.g., racism, classism, sexism) that operate at the micro and macro level [47, 48]. "Scholar Citations profiles" are public author profiles that are editable by authors themselves.
Hardware Multithreading, Google Page Ranking Algorithm In Python, Things That Happened In 2022 Pop Culture, 1-1/2 Thru-hull Fitting 90 Degree, Postman Import Curl Not Working, Neuroimage Word Limit, Simpson Redwood Company,