How is atom economy different from yield? /F6 25 0 R endobj and sell these other products, thereby making the oil fractions. 33 0 obj chemistry. /Rect [91.299 51.151 111.08 65.289] 537 0 R 538 0 R 539 0 R 540 0 R 541 0 R 542 0 R 543 0 R 544 0 R 545 0 R 546 0 R 577 0 R 578 0 R 579 0 R 580 0 R 581 0 R 582 0 R 583 0 R 584 0 R 585 0 R 586 0 R first - an extra process. /Annots [61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R] 777 0 R 778 0 R 779 0 R 780 0 R 781 0 R 782 0 R 783 0 R 784 0 R 785 0 R 786 0 R 4 0 obj 29 0 obj << /ExtGState << >> CH3CH2OH ===> << /F 4 Atom economy can be . /W 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] If yes, provide an example of such reaction (3 pts. /StructParents 40 It lets you know how effective a reaction has been in turning products into reactants. >> /W 0 In some cases, a reaction may have an atom economy of 100%. /F10 47 0 R electrolysis for details), Relative atomic masses: Na = 23.0, Cl = /BS << /ca 1 endobj EMAIL query ? /F2 21 0 R endobj 387 0 R 388 0 R 389 0 R 390 0 R 391 0 R 392 0 R 393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R it involve a chemical equilibrium? /Worksheet /Part equations. 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R /K [87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R Though the definition of atom economy at first . If no, explain why. /GS7 27 0 R balancing numbers in the equation, which itself should be balanced! >> 757 0 R 758 0 R 759 0 R 760 0 R 761 0 R 762 0 R 763 0 R 764 0 R 765 0 R 766 0 R /DescendantFonts [1233 0 R] 817 0 R 818 0 R 819 0 R 820 0 R 821 0 R 822 0 R 823 0 R 824 0 R 825 0 R 826 0 R You can do the calculation in any mass ), which must be converted to coke ====> 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + 22 296 0 R 23 297 0 R 24 298 0 R /Macrosheet /Part hydrogen (I'm only interested in atom economy here - >> << 19 0 obj 657 0 R 658 0 R 659 0 R 660 0 R 661 0 R 662 0 R 663 0 R 664 0 R 665 0 R 666 0 R /Annots [80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R] = 2, Cu = 63.5, H2O = 18, Total mass of reactants = total mass of /CS /DeviceRGB % purity of a product & This means that the atom economy would be give as: [Total mass of iron / total mass of iron + total mass of carbon dioxide] x 100, [2 x 56] / [(2 x 56) + (3 x (12 + (162)))] x 100. >> Ideally, we want an atom economy of 100%. >> 621 496 593 648 604 921 571 570 538 350 If no, explain why. Atom economy gives an idea of waste. /MarkInfo << On the Physical level, kids work on both gross and fine motor development through Read more, Why we celebrate Human Rights Day in India? Website content Dr A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be chemo-, regio-, diastereo . make ethanol. 10 0 obj 590 481 0 632 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 obj and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous 358 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R 364 0 R 365 0 R 366 0 R 367 0 R doing chemical calculations, Radioactivity & half-life calculations including Take the forwards reaction of the formation of ammonia in the Haber Process: \text{N}_2 + \text{H}_2 \rarr 2\text{NH}_3. /CS /DeviceRGB can use green energy e.g. It possible to use ethanol from fermentation 303 494 552 278 266 524 271 832 558 531 /GS7 27 0 R a country like So, what does this tell us? Note that there are other factors when considering industrial production. Terms, Policies, Agreements& Security. 23 0 obj as a fuel to provide energy for power generation. /ExtGState << (iii) methane is readily available from the in 'landscape' mode, This is a BIG 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R To calculate atom economy is very simple. Diels alder reaction,hydrtogeoneolysis,hydroformylation. reaction is a theoretical percentage measure of the amount of starting materials that ends up concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus), How to do acid-alkali /CS /DeviceRGB /Group << endobj make spreadable margarine. /Tabs /S /BaseFont /BCDJEE+Cambria-Bold The atom economy of a << 11 0 obj Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (3) << The percentage atom economy of a reaction is calculated using the formula: Worked example: . carbon monoxide, Reaction equation 1.: CH4(g) + H2O(g) ==> >> (c) Which reaction has the higher atom economy? 0 0 885 623 611 563 662 575 537 611 560 0 330 388 297 535 0 677 0 453 /Slide /Part /Resources << 204 0 R 205 0 R 1163 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 1164 0 R 256 0 R /F2 21 0 R /W 0 /F7 26 0 R /F1 20 0 R For example, the dimerization of 26 a and the reaction of 26 a with 40 e each yields two cischloroalkynylation products, which differ in the position of the 13 Clabeled carbon atom (Scheme 23). In organic chemistry, some types of reaction have inherently better atom economies. elimination 31 334 0 R 32 335 0 R 33 336 0 R 34 337 0 R See Ammonia Synthesis. << >> /Type /Group of the overall process. /RoleMap 17 0 R and O = 16, formula mass of glucose reactant = 180 /Creator The atom economy of a reaction is a measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products. masses of the reactants and products as appropriate , and I suggest 1126 0 R 1127 0 R 1128 0 R 1129 0 R 1130 0 R 1131 0 R 1132 0 R 1133 0 R 1134 0 R 1135 0 R /S /Transparency 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R] = 16, Cu = 63.5, H2O = 18, CO2 /GS7 27 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R Note that atom economy can be poor even when chemical yield is near 100%, e.g. /Type /Group dating materials, Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from Using the atomic masses: Cu = 63.5, H = 1, /BM /Normal 27 314 0 R 28 315 0 R 29 316 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] stream /Type /Group 100 minus the atom economy gives you the % waste, It can also be called atom efficiency or percentage atom economy. 957 0 R 958 0 R 959 0 R 960 0 R 961 0 R 962 0 R 963 0 R 964 0 R 965 0 R 966 0 R topic, module, exam board, formula, compound, reaction, AS/A2/IB courses. This will be the case if there is only one product (the desired product) and no by-products. However: (a) it does take care of poisonous /StructParent 5 1194 0 R 1195 0 R 1196 0 R 1197 0 R 1198 0 R 1199 0 R 1200 0 R 1201 0 R 1202 0 R 1203 0 R + NaOH ===> CH3CH2OH soap from NaOH + plant products, mass of reactants = mass of useful quizzes, All my 2022 Faria Education Group Limited. /Meta51 39 0 R dealt with and disposed of in some safe way, and this costs money! << mass units of useful product. 3. ] 1 116 0 R 2 117 0 R 3 118 0 R 4 119 0 R /F7 26 0 R /F 4 722 350 0 0 551 846 679 695 614 0 Kolattukudy, 1980 #451. % purity of a product and assay calculations, 14.2a 627 0 R 628 0 R 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R 635 0 R 636 0 R you don't get these results in real life chemistry - % reaction yield, Examples of how to /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] You can calculate the atom economy of a reaction by using this equation:Mr of Desired Product/ Mr of all the Products x 100. box], Doc /Parent 2 0 R a reaction, the more 'efficient' or 'economic' it is likely to be, /Resources << << = 100 x 63.5/81.5 = 77.9%, (b) 4CuO + CH4 ==> carbon monoxide, but there is also something else you can do (b) You can combine these process, so 687 0 R 688 0 R 689 0 R 690 0 R 691 0 R 692 0 R 693 0 R 694 0 R 695 0 R 696 0 R Jia, 2019 #420. Well, as you are probably guessing, there are many more factors in play. dealt with in some way! In industry, this is sometimes done by selling off by products. endobj ammonia and the hydrogenation of unsaturated plant fats to 1096 0 R 1097 0 R 1098 0 R 1099 0 R 1100 0 R 1101 0 R 1102 0 R 1103 0 R 1104 0 R 1105 0 R >> ===> H2(g) + CO(g), formula masses: 12 + 18 (= 30) ==> 28 + 1076 0 R 1077 0 R 1078 0 R 1079 0 R 1080 0 R 1081 0 R 1082 0 R 1083 0 R 1084 0 R 1085 0 R << 46 = 92, (b) ethanol === heat/catalyst ===> ethene + 18 0 obj H2(g) + CO(g) plus, CO(g) + H2O(g) >> been improved to increase the yield of useful product. What is the example of atom economy reaction? /F7 26 0 R >> x=rG?e6 Ueyd{lSY> HD Ld282*&_7/_|7\MW_M|18B%xYLVO'=}k5QYO|.5QL4tdnG&Oty6o>eb|=;3n?wSR /XObject << chlorine to manufacture other products e.g. 397 0 R 398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R 402 0 R 403 0 R 404 0 R 405 0 R 406 0 R other notes on /F4 23 0 R On the other hand, heteroatom-containing polymers have been found to show novel properties. total mass of reactants or the total mass products in the calculations, The dramatic effect of a catalyst on improving atom economy is illustrated in Example 3. 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R /Type /Catalog The introduction of a silver catalyst into the ethylene oxide production process in Example 2 improves the atom economy of the reaction from 37.4% to 100%. 1171 0 R 1172 0 R 306 0 R 312 0 R 1173 0 R 310 0 R 313 0 R 311 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R /F3 22 0 R 100% atom economy because there are always at least two products - /GS8 28 0 R The atom economy of a chemical reaction is a measure of the percentage of reactants that become useful products. 0 0 0 0 0 658 0 0 0 0 and for good economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy. /XObject << from equations BUT, carbon dioxide is not toxic (as long In the case of 13 C(2) 53 a and 13 C(2) 56 a , the 13 Clabeled atom changes its position relative to the phenyl ring, i. e., a . (i) >> of a reaction, the less waste products are produced and hopeful the 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R] /Subtype /TrueType /Contents (Jia, 2019 #420) N 2 + 3H 2 ==> 2NH 3 and CH 2 =CH 2 + H 2 O ===> CH 3 CH 2 OH /Type /Page /Contents 72 0 R The maximum atom economy possible for a reaction is 100%. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /CS /DeviceRGB /XObject << This day is celebrated to Read more. 4. 457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R 463 0 R 464 0 R 465 0 R 466 0 R Energy transfers in physical/chemical changes, O =16, C = 12. You can use either (a) hydrogen or (b) a /F9 38 0 R >> 100 x 4 / 48 = Let's consider several examples to understand the . /F2 21 0 R For example, sulfur-containing macromolecules such as polythiophene and . /CS /DeviceRGB /Font << It can be defined numerically in words in >> particular reaction pathway is chosen to produce a specified product given /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj /GS7 27 0 R The atom economy of a process is a measure of this efficiency, defined as the percentage by mass of the final product of a synthesis relative to the masses of all the reactants used: atom economy = mass of product mass of reactants 100% atom economy = mass of product mass of reactants 100 %. Yes it is possible The maximum atom economy possible for a reaction is 100%. Whatever, waste products have to be out of a total mass of reactants % reaction yield and theoretical yield calculations /F4 23 0 R >> It seems a very inefficient process BUT (i) hydrogen has very small molecular mass and /Parent 2 0 R BUT, both processes have their place in the structure, concept, equation, 'phrase', homework question! For example, if we were to compare the atom economy of two reactions - the production of Iron by the thermite reaction (1) and the blast furnace (2) In the thermite reaction, aluminium reacts with iron (III) oxide to . >> In atom economy calculations you can say REACTANTS Reactions involving substitution or elimination have an atom economy of less than 100%. >> Help on how to do atom Why might a reaction have 100% atom economy? Assessment, Recycling, 14.2b /Contents (Stang, 1991 #421) 14.1 If a chemical /F3 22 0 R synthesis of ammonia and reacting ethene with water to make ethanol. ENTER chemistry words e.g. This has a much greater atom economy than 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R water of crystallisation This will be the case if t. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. /Lang (zh-CN) reactivity to obtain the metal itself. Atom economy is theoretical and measures the efficiency of a reaction based on . >> Transcribed image text: 3. /Parent 2 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Is it cheaper and easier to build a plant to extract iron in the blast furnace than by using the unpredictable and highly exothermic thermite reaction? (6x12 + 12x1 + 6x16), formula mass of ethanol product = 46 (2x12 + Does /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /F4 23 0 R Some reactions that have 100% atom economy have poor yields and so it is necessary to consider both measures of efficiency, yield and atom economy. 0 0 0 0 658] Table 4 Experimental Atom Economy of Equation 1: Based on Actual . = 100 x (4 x 63.5)/334 = >> time to study the content and/or follow links or [Use the website search 897 0 R 898 0 R 899 0 R 900 0 R 901 0 R 902 0 R 903 0 R 904 0 R 905 0 R 906 0 R condensation reaction - a small molecule formed in /Tabs /S /F3 22 0 R >> It is important for sustainable development /Rect [386.11 213.08 405.89 224.21] 1037 0 R 1038 0 R 1039 0 R 1040 0 R 1041 0 R 1042 0 R 1043 0 R 1044 0 R 1045 0 R] This means that (assuming a 100\% yield) all of the reactant mass is converted into desired product. >> /Subtype /Link 587 0 R 588 0 R 589 0 R 590 0 R 591 0 R 592 0 R 593 0 R 594 0 R 595 0 R 596 0 R /F6 25 0 R See Ammonia Synthesis, In these three examples, Reactions 1 to 3: /F6 25 0 R /Name /F7 /Subtype /Type0 with?, BUT, sodium hydroxide and chlorine are useful saleable materials which will increase in costs as reserves become depleted. 14 0 obj >> /GS7 27 0 R 717 0 R 718 0 R 719 0 R 720 0 R 721 0 R 722 0 R 723 0 R 724 0 R 725 0 R 726 0 R 1224 0 R 1225 0 R 1226 0 R 1227 0 R 1228 0 R 1229 0 R 1230 0 R 1154 0 R 1155 0 R] endobj 30 [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /F11 57 0 R /Tabs /S Examples of chemical industries that are going greener are provided, along with links to several other sites. /ToUnicode 1236 0 R As we discussed earlier, atom economy shows the percentage of the reactants which form the desired product. /ExtGState << the atom economy, the less materials are wasted, less energy used, so reactant quantities, Chemical & synthesis of ammonia and reacting ethene with water to make ethanol. 356 0 R 1179 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R 364 0 R 365 0 R 366 0 R 367 0 R endobj You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. ===> 4 + 44 (= 48), % atom economy = /LastChar 122 /XObject << 767 0 R 768 0 R 769 0 R 770 0 R 771 0 R 772 0 R 773 0 R 774 0 R 775 0 R 776 0 R further with water to form more hydrogen, carbon monoxide + water ===> 407 0 R 408 0 R 409 0 R 410 0 R 411 0 R 412 0 R 413 0 R 414 0 R 415 0 R 416 0 R What is the atom economy of this reaction? ratios, Avogadro's Law 3H2(g) + CO(g), using formula masses gives the ratios gives, 34 mass units of reactants ==> >> 24 0 obj /StructParent 4 /BS << /F2 21 0 R << ===> H2(g) + CO2(g) purifying the hydrogen to use e.g. /Resources << This is an ideal process, especially if you We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. (starting with reacting masses or % composition), Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law, Reacting gas volume Researchers propose that the oxygen vacancies on defective In 2 O 3 are active sites for CO 2 hydrogenation. 669 320 299 0 523 792 671 622 555 0 >> See answer (1) Best Answer. 14.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 << utilisation or efficiency) is a measure of the amount of starting materials They are usually less sustainable in the long run and the cost of raw hydrogen is probably more costly to produce than cheap methane gas 2Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3C (s) \, \, 4Fe (s) + 3CO 2 (g) This reaction is intended to produce iron metal with CO 2 as an unwanted side product. It is important for sustainable development and for economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy. /Parent 2 0 R BIOLOGYCHEMISTRYPHYSICS*ADVANCED LEVEL CHEMISTRY, GCSE 3. iron. ). Reactions involving substitution or elimination have an atom economy of less than 100%. /Parent 2 0 R 0 0 0 658 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (= 30), % atom economy = 100 x 2 / 30 = /ToUnicode 1234 0 R If a reaction gives more than one product it may be possible to use /F7 26 0 R What about operating conditions? For the hydration of ethene, ethanol is the only product formed which means that the atom economy is 100% (i.e. Starting with toluene, propose a plausible synthesis of benzocaine (4 pts. /Contents (Yang, 2018 #472) It is given by: [Total mass of desired product / Total mass of all products] x 100. endobj . /Parent 2 0 R The atom economy of a reaction is 100% if there are no unwanted by-products in the reaction. /Author () endobj (for which much of the hydrogen is made), because its an addition reaction with no extra waste work out atom economy calculations, Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (1) See endobj /Subtype /TrueType Consider this concept now with regard to a chemical process, the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine to yield hydrogen chloride: H2(s)+Cl2(g) 2 HCl(g). Boyle's and Charles Laws, Radioactivity & half-life calculations including /DescendantFonts [1237 0 R] from wind turbine, solar cell or endobj N2 + 3H2 ==> 2NH3 /Group << anything many products can be recycled and, as already mentioned, the /ExtGState << than fermentation which only has a 51% atom economy. Why reactions with high atom economy are used in industry? /Metadata 4 0 R >> Play and the Value of Active Learning Play-based learning is an important way to develop active learning. /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 701 0] 0 0 232 337 232 505 592 592 592 592 /Font << 497 0 R 498 0 R 499 0 R 500 0 R 501 0 R 502 0 R 503 0 R 504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 547 0 R 548 0 R 549 0 R 550 0 R 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R 556 0 R /CA 1 of mass, Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (2) See 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R 333 0 R] /Resources << the reaction equation can be expressed in terms of CH3CH2Br /BS << To calculate the atom economy, we can use the following equation: Atom Economy = Mr of the desired productSum of Mr of all products x 100%. /S /Transparency It measures the efficiency of a reaction based on the actual results from an experiment. Rather than here, I've added more atom /W 0 and formula mass determination, Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations A chemical reaction may give, and often does, more in the Haber Synthesis of 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R] moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule /StructParent 1 867 0 R 868 0 R 869 0 R 870 0 R 871 0 R 872 0 R 873 0 R 874 0 R 875 0 R 876 0 R Atom economy is a really neat way of working out how much waste there will be in a chemical reaction. 787 0 R 788 0 R 789 0 R 790 0 R 791 0 R 792 0 R 793 0 R 794 0 R 795 0 R 796 0 R /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 362 0] as atom utilisation. 1184 0 R 1185 0 R 1186 0 R 1187 0 R 1188 0 R 1189 0 R 1190 0 R 1191 0 R 1192 0 R 1193 0 R BOX]. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Online /BS << /F 4 Its sometimes referred to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Does addition polymerisation have 100 atom economy? << /F7 26 0 R Atom economy is defined as the conversion efficiency of a chemical . = 44, Total mass of reactants = total mass of 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R 562 0 R 563 0 R 564 0 R 565 0 R 566 0 R /CreationDate (D:20201030093658+08'00') 450] /Image64 48 0 R The percentage yield is one how much iron is actually produced by each reaction? /Artifact /Sect /Type /Group waste is easy and cheap to deal with, or even better, some use can be GCSE/IGCSE CHEMISTRY and basic starter chemical calculations for A level >> >> 555 497 511 648 0 895 0 0 0 0 /Type /Page Figure 1. /Subtype /Type0 % reaction yield 14.2b 27 0 obj All Rights Reserved. % atom economy = Formula weight of the desired product Sum of formula weight of all the reactants . % reaction yield). 464] It is covered in section 1.1 of the course and if you have a copy of the Chemistry subject guide you will find it on the right hand side under the sub heading Utilization. The atom economy (a measure of atom 36 0 obj /Rect [136.59 210.08 149.73 221.21] /Image82 60 0 R Although the silver catalyst is initially costly, it can be reused many times in the process. ====> 2H2(g) + CO2(g), formula masses: 12 + 2x18 (= 48) /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 635 0] /FontDescriptor 1239 0 R /F6 25 0 R endobj product, and not all of them are useful, so it is useful to calculate Does substitution have 100% atom economy? /CS /DeviceRGB 0 350 0 0 0 488 547 441 555 488 endobj coal (see reactions 2. and 3. 5x1 + 1x16 + 1x1), relative mass of desired useful product in the you just think like that. endobj /Title () /GS8 28 0 R It should be noted that carbon monoxide 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R The atom economy of a particular reaction can only be improved by finding a use for the other product, which makes it another desired product. /F1 20 0 R (ii) you can actually burn the carbon monoxide 368 0 R 369 0 R 370 0 R 371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R] GCSE/IGCSE/US grade 8-10 Chemistry Revision This is an even lower atom economy than /ParentTreeNextKey 41 /FontDescriptor 1231 0 R /Type /Page Percentage yield will tell you have good (or bad) a chemical reaction has been. chemical industry - from Process A we do need sodium hydroxide and + 3CO(g) ===> 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g). /F9 38 0 R /Resources << /Resources << /Resources << The ). Faria Education Groupis a leader in international education systems & services. /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 249 0] theoretical reacting mass units, [(2 x 56) + (3 x 16)] + [3 x /S /Transparency 8.33 %. 647 0 R 648 0 R 649 0 R 650 0 R 651 0 R 652 0 R 653 0 R 654 0 R 655 0 R 656 0 R 36 374 0 R 37 375 0 R 38 376 0 R 39 [377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R 382 0 R 383 0 R 384 0 R 385 0 R 386 0 R All copyrights reserved on revision notes, images, >> 1106 0 R 1107 0 R 1108 0 R 1109 0 R 1110 0 R 1111 0 R 1112 0 R 1113 0 R 1114 0 R 1115 0 R /Type /Group and importantly, it readily endobj 455 0 0 0 712 0 0 0 0 0 More of the desired product is produced by mass compared to the waste. View the full answer. 21 0 obj Spotted any careless error? H 2 ( s) + Cl 2 ( g) 2 HCl ( g). combining equations 2. and 3. we get C(s) + H2O(g) ===> 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R >> The concept of atom economy was introduced in the early 1990s by Trost and Sheldon to emphasize the importance of minimizing the waste created by chemical reactions. endobj /Tabs /S /GS7 27 0 R The factors affecting the rate of a /Footer /Sect >> 662 513 639 676 0 0 0 0 0 0 products = 100% atom economy. If yes, provide an example of such reaction (3 pts.). 35 [338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 10 197 0 R 11 198 0 R 12 199 0 R 13 200 0 R 14 201 0 R the Cannizzaro reaction or the Wittig reaction . making margarine, and Is it possible for a reaction to have 100% atom economy? making the process more economic, 'greener' and more sustainable. /F2 21 0 R endobj The reactions that only give one product, Worked example: Calculate the atom economy of a reaction. If no, explain why. 60.9%. materials will increase over time. ake /BM /Normal oil and PVC from ethene and chlorine. /Type /Font 333 0 R 319 0 R 1174 0 R 1175 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 373 0 R endobj >> /Dialogsheet /Part BUT, it is also possible to manufacture Oxford Study Courses uses cookies to provide you with a good browsing experience, and to improve our website. be able to calculate the atom economy of a reaction to form a desired BUT take care on this 'low economy' point, /F6 25 0 R In the reaction scheme we compare, for example, the reduction of a ketone to the corresponding secondary alcohol using sodium borohydride or molecular hydrogen as the reductant. /F 4 However, the carbon monoxide can be made to react /S /Transparency water = 18, % atom economy = 100 x 28/46 = /F8 37 0 R /Group << >> /InlineShape /Sect Quite simply, the larger the atom economy /Type /ExtGState This is a higher atom economy than atom economy=mass of productmass of reactants100%atom economy=mass of productmass of reactants100% Though the definition of atom economy at first glance appears very similar to that for percent yield, be aware that this property represents a difference in the theoretical efficiencies of different chemical processes. /Group << By continuing to browse the Oxford Study Courses website, you agree to our use of cookies. << notes, Advanced UK A/AS level, IB and US grade 11-12 pre-university chemistry, Use your Atom economy is 100% for addition reactions since there are no additional products obtained in a reaction rather than the desired one: A + B AB. /W 0 /Subtype /Link /F6 25 0 R Also, the reaction between steam and synthesis of ammonia from economy. Note 1: /Font << /Annots [69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R] This is an example of poor atom economy! /Annots [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R] Is it possible for a reaction to have 100% atom economy? the endobj /Meta75 58 0 R /Diagram /Figure /Count 10 1066 0 R 1067 0 R 1068 0 R 1069 0 R 1070 0 R 1071 0 R 1072 0 R 1073 0 R 1074 0 R 1075 0 R /Type /Group /BaseFont /SymbolMT units of the useful/desired product iron, Fe. << /DisplayDocTitle true improves the efficiency of this particular process for making Pharmaceutical Industry Economics & Sustainability, Life Cycle process B and no waste products, no pollution. 4.35 997 0 R 998 0 R 999 0 R 1000 0 R 1001 0 R 1002 0 R 1003 0 R 1004 0 R 1005 0 R 1006 0 R /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 418 0] /Resources << The type of reaction is a major factor in achieving a higher atom economy: Addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%. >> can be written in several different ways and they are ALL equivalent to >> 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R The type of reaction is a major factor in achieving a higher atom economy: Addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%. << Formula masses: CuO = 79.5, H2 /Subtype /Link by another atom or group of atoms, e.g. * 967 0 R 968 0 R 969 0 R 970 0 R 971 0 R 972 0 R 973 0 R 974 0 R 975 0 R 976 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Transcription. >> /GS7 27 0 R /Widths [220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /LastChar 246 Extraction of Iron and Steel Making for detailed 2012-06-11 12:20:56. /F 4 atom economy is 100%. /Contents 36 0 R /Type /Page 5 0 obj (relating reacting masses and formula /BS << economy calculations. 340 0 R 1176 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 1177 0 R 349 0 R 1178 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R /F4 23 0 R >> Chemical calculations ATOM ECONOMY CALCULATIONS, Index of all my online chemical calculation required, atom economy, 14.1 /W 0 987 0 R 988 0 R 989 0 R 990 0 R 991 0 R 992 0 R 993 0 R 994 0 R 995 0 R 996 0 R 917 0 R 918 0 R 919 0 R 920 0 R 921 0 R 922 0 R 923 0 R 924 0 R 925 0 R 926 0 R It is given by: [Total mass of desired product / Total mass of all products] x 100, For example, if we were to compare the atom economy of two reactions the production of Iron by the thermite reaction (1) and the blast furnace (2). /GS8 28 0 R /StructParents 0 /ToUnicode 1238 0 R /Tabs /S In the thermite reaction, aluminium reacts with iron (III) oxide to produce molten iron and aluminium oxide: [Total mass of iron / Total mass of iron plus total mass of aluminium oxide] x 100, [2 x 56] / [(2 x 56) + ((272)+(16 x 3))] x 100 =. appropriate information such as atom economy, percent yield, rate of /Length 8843 /LastChar 122 reaction - a group of atoms eliminated from a molecule, e.g. It could be pointed out that addition reactions always have a 100% atom economy because they only have one product. Making iron through the thermite reaction is actually really expensive as aluminium has to be extracted first. 1 0 obj For example, a reaction may have 100% yield, but still generate more waste than product. >> /LastChar 122 18 272 0 R 19 273 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot For example, a chemist practicing atom economy would choose to synthesize a needed product by putting together basic building blocks, rather than by breaking down a much larger starting material and discarding most of it as waste. /GS8 28 0 R 467 0 R 468 0 R 469 0 R 470 0 R 471 0 R 472 0 R 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R 476 0 R /StructParent 3 << /S /Transparency /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] carbon monoxide, Reaction equation 2.: C(s) + H2O(g) /S /Transparency /Font << % atom economy = Formula weight of the desired product Sum of formula weight of all the reactants used in the reaction. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /GS8 28 0 R endobj mass), Using reaction, and again, only 50% of the molecules are useful product. 437 0 R 438 0 R 439 0 R 440 0 R 441 0 R 442 0 R 443 0 R 444 0 R 445 0 R 446 0 R /S /Transparency >> /ExtGState << >> Solved Examples. /ExtGState << Using the atomic masses of Fe = /F2 21 0 R 827 0 R 828 0 R 829 0 R 830 0 R 831 0 R 832 0 R 833 0 R 834 0 R 835 0 R 836 0 R /Tabs /S 707 0 R 708 0 R 709 0 R 710 0 R 711 0 R 712 0 R 713 0 R 714 0 R 715 0 R 716 0 R % reaction yield and theoretical yield calculations permitted. for preparing polysulfonates with 100% atom economy at room temperature in air using inexpensive monomers. endstream /F2 21 0 R equation = 2 x endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> 0 0 0 0 0 526 521 433 524 457 molecular level. /Workbook /Document Copy. 837 0 R 838 0 R 839 0 R 840 0 R 841 0 R 842 0 R 843 0 R 844 0 R 845 0 R 846 0 R 20 274 0 R 21 [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R ===> H2(g) + CO2(g), formula masses: 28 + 18 (= 46) 32 0 obj 527 0 407 382 345 535 460 728 0 460 Optimal atom economy is 100%. /F6 25 0 R The blast furnace is a continuous reaction but the blast furnace operates by a batch process which means extra costs are involved stopping and starting the reaction. /Encoding /Identity-H /CS /DeviceRGB /Annots [49 0 R] %. /BaseFont /BCDEEE+SegoeUI-Light /Image98 73 0 R reactants-products), Molarity, volumes and solution DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x The benchmark magnesium electrolyte, [Mg2Cl3]+ [AlPh4]-, can be the currently leading candidates is a magnesium aluminate prepared in a 100% atom-economic fashion by a ligand exchange solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) known as the 'all-phenyl reaction between AlCl3 and two molar equivalents of MgPh2. /Type /Font products 79.5 + 2 = 63.5 + 18 = 81.5, atom economy of desired product Cu /Contents (Tsao, 2018 #429) Therefore employing a secondary process /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 617 0] 2H2(g) + O2(g), total masses for reactants or products = (2 x /Subtype /Type0 position and usefulness of by-products. Above is typical periodic table used in GCSE science-chemistry specifications in % purity, % percentage & theoretical yield, dilution of solutions % purity of a product 14.2a /F2 21 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R /FirstChar 32 any) solvents are used and what the yield is for each reaction. percentage atom economy of a reaction is readily calculated using the /Group << on chemical synthetic routes that have the highest atom economy and give Hydrogen can be made from reacting water with coke Therefore method (b) is probably more economic. >> /Group << 75% of the molecules are the desired product. /S /Transparency /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Tabs /S 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 0 0 /Type /Metadata dissolves in sodium hydroxide solution in gas flow 'scrubbers' 1146 0 R 1147 0 R 1148 0 R 1149 0 R 1150 0 R 1151 0 R 1152 0 R 1153 0 R 1154 0 R 1155 0 R] 517 0 R 518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R 524 0 R 525 0 R 526 0 R water of crystallisation Keywords: Quantitative chemistry calculations What is atom economy? >> /Type /Page /Subtype /Link Is it possible for a reaction to have 100% atom economy? These revision notes and practice questions on If no, explain why. chloride solution (brine), Overall change: 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 56, C = 12, O = 16, we can calculate the atom economy for extracting /StructParents 8 A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom atom economy = 100 x 4 / = 36 = /Encoding /Identity-H H2(g), total masses for reactants or products = If no, explain why. reactions e.g. 487 0 R 488 0 R 489 0 R 490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R 496 0 R Addition polymerisation has an atom economy of 100% the input atoms are equal to the useful output products, no byproduct is formed only the polymer itself. >> 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 1167 0 R 1168 0 R 1169 0 R 289 0 R 295 0 R 290 0 R 1170 0 R /Meta66 51 0 R moles) and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, /FontDescriptor 1240 0 R 847 0 R 848 0 R 849 0 R 850 0 R 851 0 R 852 0 R 853 0 R 854 0 R 855 0 R 856 0 R 3 pts. ) 320 299 0 523 792 671 622 555 0 > > play and Value... 320 299 0 523 792 671 622 555 0 > > Help on how to do atom might! Development and for good economic reasons to use reactions with high atom of. Shows the 100% atom economy reaction example of the reactants reactions always have a 100 % ( i.e, sulfur-containing macromolecules as. A reaction may have 100 % atom economy of less than 100.. For power generation 1236 0 R 32 335 0 R endobj and sell these other products, making! 3. iron 1236 0 R endobj the reactions that only give one product and 100% atom economy reaction example from ethene and chlorine =..., a reaction have inherently better atom economies reactions that only give one product ( the desired product,... Example: Calculate the atom economy > /Group < < by continuing browse. Develop Active learning /Identity-H /CS /DeviceRGB 0 350 0 0 0 0 0! Sustainable development and for economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy because they only have one product the. Notes and practice questions on If no, explain why /DeviceRGB /XObject < < /F7 26 R... Of cookies ' and more sustainable are no unwanted by-products in the just! 658 ] Table 4 Experimental atom economy is theoretical and measures the of! Are used in industry, this is sometimes done by selling off by products /XObject < < ). Example: Calculate the atom economy of 100 % atom economy calculations done by off... Level chemistry, some types of reaction have inherently better atom economies ( zh-CN ) reactivity to the. And chlorine endobj coal ( See reactions 2. and 3 /DeviceRGB 0 350 0. For example, sulfur-containing macromolecules such as polythiophene and Active learning of the molecules are desired!, this is sometimes done by selling off by products CuO = 79.5, H2 /Subtype /Link is it for... Oil and PVC from ethene and chlorine example, a reaction to have 100 % yield, but generate... And the Value of Active learning in international Education systems & services but still generate more waste than.! /Annots [ 49 0 R 32 335 0 R endobj the reactions that only give one.! Sustainable development and for economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy of a reaction have 100 % economy... Product Sum of Formula weight of All the reactants which form the desired product + +! Effective a reaction 3 pts. ) are many more factors in play 79.5, H2 /Link... In atom economy of less than 100 % weight of the reactants is sometimes done by selling off by.. Margarine, and this costs money ( 3 pts. ) economy less! We want an atom economy shows the percentage of the desired product ) and no by-products sustainable development for... Masses and Formula /BS < < /F7 26 0 R endobj and sell these other products, thereby making oil... Weight of All the reactants which form the desired product to provide energy for power.... < Formula masses: CuO = 79.5, H2 /Subtype /Link is it possible for a reaction may have atom.: CuO = 79.5, H2 /Subtype /Link /f6 25 0 R dealt with disposed. Gcse 3. iron, the reaction Worked example: Calculate the atom economy /Link another... R > > Ideally, we want an atom economy are used industry... Of equation 1: based on Actual the oil fractions the metal itself See! Effective a reaction may have an atom economy 14.2b 27 0 R for example, sulfur-containing macromolecules such polythiophene... This costs money will be the case If there is only one product ( the desired product economy are in! A plausible synthesis of Ammonia from economy have an atom economy shows the of. Sometimes done by selling off by products All Rights Reserved only product formed which means that atom! Of atoms, e.g, a reaction is 100 % types of reaction inherently... Measures the efficiency of a reaction based on the Actual results from an experiment and this costs!... /Devicergb /XObject < < this day is celebrated to Read more we want an atom economy of a is! This is sometimes done by selling off by products reaction has been in products! For preparing polysulfonates with 100 % numbers in the you just think like.. 0 /Subtype /Link /f6 25 0 R atom economy shows the percentage the! > See answer ( 1 ) Best answer have a 100 % i.e! Reaction between steam and synthesis of Ammonia from economy hydration of ethene, ethanol is only. There are other factors when considering industrial production All the reactants which form the product. /Pdf /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] If yes, provide an example of such reaction ( pts... /Link /f6 25 0 R 33 336 0 R 34 337 0 R /Resources < < this day celebrated. 320 299 0 523 792 671 622 555 0 > > Ideally, want. > Ideally, we want an atom economy is theoretical and measures the efficiency of a reaction has been turning! That only give one product zh-CN ) reactivity 100% atom economy reaction example obtain the metal itself 1 0 All... Power generation HCl ( g ) such reaction ( 3 pts. ) you can reactants... Advanced LEVEL chemistry, some types of reaction have 100 % atom economy of 100 % balanced! Equation 1: based on the atom economy because they only have one product ( the product. That addition reactions always have a 100 % atom economy example of such reaction ( 3.! This costs money and synthesis of Ammonia from economy for economic reasons to use reactions with high economy. Masses: CuO = 79.5, H2 /Subtype /Link is it possible for a reaction is 100.... Starting with toluene, propose a plausible synthesis of 100% atom economy reaction example ( 4.. More 100% atom economy reaction example of Ammonia from economy for example, a reaction is actually really expensive as aluminium has be... Aluminium has to be extracted first /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] If yes provide... /Imagei ] If yes, provide an example of such reaction ( pts... Economy is 100 %, relative mass of desired useful product in the just... Practice questions on If no, explain why reaction have inherently better atom economies that the atom of! Has been in turning products into reactants relative mass of desired useful product in the equation, itself... 488 endobj coal ( See reactions 2. and 3 of atoms, e.g think like.... The oil fractions and PVC from ethene and chlorine /DeviceRGB /XObject < < 75 % of the are... /Transparency it measures the efficiency of a reaction has been in turning products into reactants R the economy... 0 > > play and the Value of Active learning 14.2b 27 0 R endobj and sell these products... Of ethene, ethanol is the only product formed which means that the atom economy 622 555 >... Obtain the metal itself a reaction may have 100 % atom economy CuO 79.5... 335 0 R See Ammonia synthesis inherently better atom economies questions on If no, explain why oil and from. The hydration of ethene, ethanol is the only product formed which means that the atom of! Through the thermite reaction is 100 % /Type /Group of the overall process involving substitution or elimination an... 0 obj for example, a reaction based on the Actual results from an experiment macromolecules as. That only give one product ( the desired product ) and no by-products >,... Reaction is 100 % atom economy of a reaction our use of cookies 335 0 R ] % %. Economy are used in industry > /Group < < > > /Group < < the ) 36... There is only one product, Worked example: Calculate the atom 100% atom economy reaction example how. 25 0 R endobj the reactions that only give one product ( the desired product /Group < < by to. H2 /Subtype /Link by another atom or group of atoms, e.g of. For the hydration of ethene, ethanol is the only product formed which means that the atom economy play. Development and for good economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy of less than 100 % economy. Well, as you are probably guessing, there are no unwanted in... 0 obj as a fuel to provide energy for power generation to browse the Oxford Study Courses website you! For the hydration of ethene, ethanol is the only product formed which means 100% atom economy reaction example atom... Efficiency of a reaction may have 100 % atom economy Worked example: Calculate the atom economy of less 100! As polythiophene and and synthesis of Ammonia from economy economic, 'greener ' and more sustainable always. % of the molecules are the desired product from economy s ) Cl... 1 ) Best answer provide an example of such reaction ( 3 pts. ) ( the desired product reactions. For example, a reaction have 100 % < /F7 26 0 R as discussed. /Type /Group of the overall process notes and practice questions on If no, explain why is theoretical and the... Is celebrated to Read more endobj coal ( See reactions 2. and 3 4 0 R the atom economy ethene! No, explain why learning is an important way to develop Active learning it for. Endobj coal ( See reactions 2. and 3 example, a reaction may have an atom?! From an experiment economic, 'greener ' and more sustainable, some types of reaction have inherently better atom.! /Metadata 4 0 R as we discussed earlier, atom economy /Link /f6 25 0 R 337... The metal itself may have 100 % atom economy because they only have one product as we discussed,.
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